Setiap bahasa tentunya mempunyai kaidah-kaidah atau sering kita sebut dengan istilah tata bahasanya masing-masing, begitupun dengan bahasa Inggris, banyak sekali kaidah-kaidah yang harus diperhatikan dalam penggunaannya, terutama dalam bidang writingnya. Oleh karena itu, penulis mencoba menyajikan empat kaidah dari sekian banyak kaidah bahasa Inggris, selain untuk memenuhi tugas kuliah juga bertujuan semoga tulisan sesingkat ini dapat menambah wawasan kita tentang bahasa Inggris. Keempat kaidah yang kami maksud adalah: Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Continuous Tense, Direct and Indirect Speech, Preposition. Yang pembahasanya akan dipaparkan pada bab selanjutnya.
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I
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Am
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You
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Are
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They
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We
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He
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Is
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She
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It
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I
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Do / Don't
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You
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They
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We
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He
She
It
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Does / Doesn't
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+
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Subject + Verb 1 + Object
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-
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Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
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?
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DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
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?
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Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?
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+
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I speak English everyday
She speaks English
everyday
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-
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I don't speak English
She doesn't speak English
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?
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Do you speak English?
Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't
Does she speak English?
Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
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?
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Why do you speak English everyday ?
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+
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Subject + To
be 1 + (Verb + ing) + Object
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-
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Subject + To
be 1 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
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?
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To be 1 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + (Verb + ing) + Object ?
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+
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We are studying now.
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-
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We are not (aren't) studying
now.
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Are you studying now?
Jawaban: Yes I am, atau I, am not
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?
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What are you doing?
Jawaban: I am studying now
Who is studying English?
Jawaban: She is studying English
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I
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been
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You
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They
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We
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He
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She
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It
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I
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Have
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You
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They
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We
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He
She
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Has
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+
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Subject + Have/Has + Verb
3 + Object
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-
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Subject + Have/Has + NOT +
Verb 3 + Object
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?
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Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 + Object?
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?
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Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + Verb 3 +
Object?
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+
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I have lived here for 2
years.
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-
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I have not (haven't) lived
here for 2 years.
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?
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Have you lived here for 2 years?
Jawaban: Yes, I have, atau No, I have not (haven't)
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?
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Why Have you lived here for 2 years?
Who has killed her father?
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+
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Subject + Have/Has + To be
3 + Non Verb + Object
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-
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Subject + (Have/Has + NOT)
+ To be 3 + Non Verb + Object
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?
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Have/Has + Subject + To be
3 + Non Verb + Object?
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?
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Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + To be 3 + Non Verb + Object?
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+
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She has been here for 4
hours
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-
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She has not (hasn't) been
here for 4 hours
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?
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Has she been here for 4 hours?
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?
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Where have you been for the last 4 hours?
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I
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been
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You
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They
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We
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He
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She
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It
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I
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Have
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You
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They
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We
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He
She
It
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Has
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+
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Subject + Have/Has + been
+ (Verb + ING) + Object
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-
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Subject + Have/Has + NOT +
been + (Verb + ING) + Object
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?
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Have/Has + Subject + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?
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?
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Question Word + Have/Has + Subject + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?
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+
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It has been raining all
day. It is still raining right now.
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-
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We have not been swimming
in pool for this day.
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?
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Has he been returning money that he borrowed this
day?
Jawaban: Yes, he has, atau No, he has not.
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?
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How long has she been teaching at the university?
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I
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Was
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You
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Were
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They
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We
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He
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Was
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She
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It
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I
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Did / Didn't
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You
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They
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We
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He
She
It
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+
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Subject + Verb 2 + Object
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-
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Subject + DID NOT (DIDN'T) + Verb 1 + Object
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?
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DID + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + DID + Subject + Verb 1 ?
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+
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He bought a pair of
shoes yesterday.
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-
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He didn't buy a pair of shoes yesterday.
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?
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Did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
Jawaban: Yes He did, atau No, He did not (didn't)
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?
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Why did he buy a pair of shoes yesterday?
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+
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Subject + To be 2 + (Verb
+ ing) + Object
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-
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Subject + To be 2 + NOT + (Verb + ing) + Object
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?
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To be 2 + Subject + (Verb + ing( + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + To be 2 + Subject + (Verb +
ing) + Object ?
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+
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I was walking down the
street when it began to rain.
When i was in the park,
the sun was shining.
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-
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It was not raining when i went to the market last
night.
They were not playing football when you were not at
home.
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?
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Was he studying when I arrived at home?
Jawaban: Yes he was, atau he, was not
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?
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Why were you reading that book?
What was she doing with this document when all the
staff went home?
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7. Past Perfect Tense
Rumus Past Perfect Tense
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Kalimat
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Rumus Past Perfect Tense
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Contoh
Past Perfect Tense
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positif(+)
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S + had + Verb-3/past participle
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My
brother had slept
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They
had come
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negatif(-)
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S + had + not + Verb-3/past participle
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My
brother hadn’t slept
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They
hadn’t come
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interogatif(?)
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had + S + Verb-3/past participle
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Had
my brother come
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Had
they come
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Contoh Past Perfect Tense
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Fungsi
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Contoh
Kalimat Past Perfect Tense
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Past perfect tense
untuk mengekspresikan aksi di masa lampau yang telah selesai terjadi sebelum past
event lainnya.
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When
he came last night, the cake had run out.
(Ketika dia datang semalam, kue sudah habis.) |
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The
student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were
called.
(Siswa tersebut telah mendapat peringatan verbal sebelum orangtuanya ditelepon.) |
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I
had already had breakfast by the time he
picked me up.
(Saya telah sarapan ketika dia menjemput.) |
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Prior
to the proclamation, Indonesia had been colonized
by Japan for 3 years.
(Sebelum proklamasi, Indonesia telah dijajah Jepang selama 3 tahun.) |
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Past perfect tense
untuk menunjukkan seberapa sering sesuatu terjadi di masa lampau.
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I
had read the book three times.
(Saya membaca buku itu tiga kali.) |
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They
had met twice before married.
(Mereka bertemu dua kali sebelum menikah.) |
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Yulia had
gone to the gym every two days until 2012.
(Yulia telah pergi ke gym setiap dua hari sampai tahun 2012.) |
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Past perfect tense
digunakan pada reported
speech setelah verbs: said,
told, asked, thought, wondered.
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He
said that he had listened carefully the instruction.
(Dia mengatakan bahwa dia telah mendengarkan instruksi dengan penuh perhatian.) |
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I
thought he had changed to be better man.
(Saya pikir dia telah berubah menjadi pria yang lebih baik.) |
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If
he had taken a bath fast, he would have missed the train.
(Jika dia telah mandi cepat, dia tidak akan ketinggalan kereta.) |
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Rina
would beenthe same level with me if she had studied harder.
(Rina akan berasa pada level yang sama dengan saya jika dia belajar lebih keras.) |
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I
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been
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You
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They
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We
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He
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She
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It
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I
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Had
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You
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They
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We
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He
She
It
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+
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Subject + Had + been +
(Verb + ING) + Object
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-
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Subject + Had + NOT + been
+ (Verb + ING) + Object
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?
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Had + Subject + been
+ (Verb + ING) + Object?
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?
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Question Word + Had + Subject + been +
(Verb + ING) + Object?
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+
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He had been looking for
the thief for two years before he caught him.
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-
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I had not been feeling so
good, my body was tired.
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?
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Had you been looking news on television for this
evening?
Jawaban: Yes, I had, atau No, I had not.
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?
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How long had he been playing Xbox when his mother
went to market?
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+
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Subject + WILL / SHALL +
Verb 1 + Object
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-
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Subject + WILL
/ SHALL + NOT + Verb 1 + Object
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?
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WILL / SHALL + Subject + Verb 1 + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + WILL / SHALL + Subject + Verb 1 ?
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+
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She will go to Paris
tomorrow.
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-
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She will not (won't) go to
Paris tomorrow.
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?
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Will she go to Paris tomorrow ?
Jawaban: Yes She will, atau She, will not (won't)
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?
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When will she go to Paris?
Who will come here?
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+
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Subject + WILL / SHALL +
be + Non Verb + Object
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-
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Subject + WILL
/ SHALL + NOT + be + Non Verb
+ Object
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?
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WILL / SHALL+ Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + WILL/SHALL + Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ?
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+
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He will be alone tomorrow.
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-
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He will not (won't) be
alone tomorrow.
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?
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Will he be alone tomorrow?
Jawaban: Yes he will, atau No, she will not
(won't)
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?
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When will he be in Las Vegas?
Why will you be here tomorrow night?
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+
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Subject + To be + going to
+ Verb 1 + Object
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-
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Subject + To be + Not + going to + Verb 1 + Object
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?
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To be + Subject + going to + Verb 1 + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + To be + Subject + going to + verb 1
+?
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+
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I am going to read a
newspaper tomorrow.
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-
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I am not going to read a
newspaper tomorrow.
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?
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Are you going to read a newspaper tomorrow?
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?
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What are you going to read?
Who is going to come here tomorrow?
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+
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Subject + WILL / SHALL +
be + (Verb + ING) + Object
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-
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Subject + WILL
/ SHALL + NOT + be + (Verb +
ING) + Object
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?
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WILL / SHALL + Subject + be + (Verb + ING) + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + WILL / SHALL + Subject +
be + (Verb + ING) + Object?
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+
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He will be talking for the
business until ten o’clock.
I will be working at 10
am.
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-
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You will not be leaving at
this time. Because the car will be taken to repair.
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?
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Will she be playing tennis tomorrow?
Jawaban: Yes I will, atau No, I will not (won't) |
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?
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What will you be doing at 10 pm tonight?
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Terkadang ada sedikit atau
bahkan tidak ada perbedaan antara penggunaan Future Continuous Tense dengan Simple Future Tense, khususnya ketika
peristiwa yang akan datang tersebut terjadi pada waktu yang tidak tentu.
Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:
Don’t get impatient. She will be coming soon.
Don’t get impatient. She will come soon.
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+
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Subject + WILL / SHALL +
Have + Verb 3 + Object
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-
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Subject + WILL
/ SHALL + NOT + HAVE + Verb 3 + Object
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?
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WILL / SHALL + Subject + HAVE + Verb 3 + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + WILL / SHALL + Subject + HAVE + Verb 3 + Object ?
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+
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You will have finished the
work, by the end of this month.
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-
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She will not have gone to
home by 10 am.
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?
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Will you have finished your work by tomorrow?
Jawaban: Yes I will, atau No, I will not (won't)
Shall he have prepared my motorcycle if all of my
friends will go by next day?
Jawaban: Yes he shall, atau No, he shall not
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?
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When will they have arrived ?
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+
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Subject + WILL / SHALL +
HAVE + Been + Non Verb + Object
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-
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Subject + WILL
/ SHALL + NOT + HAVE + Been +
Non Verb + Object
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?
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WILL / SHALL + Subject + HAVE
+ Been + Non Verb + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + WILL/SHALL+ Subject + be + Non Verb + Object ?
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+
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By next year, I will have
been here for work
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-
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He will not (won't) have
been by the end of this day.
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?
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Will you have been there by tomorrow morning?
Jawaban: Yes I will, atau No, I will not (won't)
Shall he have been at home by the dinner time?
Jawaban: Yes he shall, atau No, he shall not
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?
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When will he have been in New York?
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Terkadang antara Future Perfect Tense dengan Future Perfect Continuous Tensememberi
arti yang sama. Perhatikan bahwa kegiatan yang diungkapkan oleh salah satu
atau kedua tenses mungkin mulai di
masa lalu, seperti:
When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for
45 years.
When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching
for 45 years.
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“Terkadang kita
menggunakan kata Shall hanya
untuk Subject “I” dan “we”.
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+
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Subject + Will / Shall +
Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
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-
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Subject + Will
/ Shall + NOT + Have + been
+(Verb + ING) + Object
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?
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Will / Shall + Subject + Have
+ been +(Verb + ING) + Object ?
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?
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Question Word + Will / Shall + Subject +Have + been +(Verb + ING) + Object ?
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+
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We will have been
practicing the examination by next month.
We shall have been
sleeping before the morning comes.
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-
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She will not have been
going for one year.
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?
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Will the students have been working without their
teacher at the time?
Jawaban: Yes, they will / No, they will not (won’t)
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?
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How
long will you have been studying when you graduate?
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S+should, would+VI
(be)+ ...
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+
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Subject + Should / Would +
be + (Verb + ING) + Object
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-
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Subject + Should / Would +
NOT + be + (Verb + ING) + Object
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?
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Should / Would + Subject +
be + (Verb + ING) + Object?
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?
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Question Word + Should / Would + Subject + be + (Verb + ING) + Object?
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+
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He would be preparing his
car from twelve with Jack to three yesterday noon.
They should be studying
the lesson in my college for examination last hours.
My mother would be cooking
vegetables at this hour yesterday morning.
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-
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They told me that
they wouldn’t be giving the present yesterday morning.
They shouldn’t be
sleeping here. They should be studying the lesson now.
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?
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Would you be going with Mrs. Anna yesterday evening
for studying?
Jawaban: Yes, I would
be going with Mrs. Anna from six to seven yesterday for studying.
When your mother
cooked. Should you be helping her busy to nine yesterday morning?
Jawaban: No, I
shouldn’t be helping my mother. I should be studying to nine at this
yesterday morning.
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?
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When you should be studying mathematics last night?
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+
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Subject + Would / Should +
Have + Verb 3 + Object
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-
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Subject + Would / Should +
NOT + Have + Verb 3 + Object
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?
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Would / Should + Subject +
Have + Verb 3 + Object?
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?
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Question Word + Would / Should + Subject + Have + Verb 3 + Object?
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+
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Anna would have finished
her college by the time. I finished my college in the university two years
ago.
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-
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I would not have sent her
a letter yesterday.
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?
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Should my father have worn jeans to the party
yesterday night?
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?
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How long would you have waited her in in the park?
The weather was very cool last night.
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+
|
Subject + Would / Should +
Have + been + Object
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-
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Subject + Would / Should +
NOT + Have + been + Object
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?
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Would / Should + Subject +
Have + been + Object?
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?
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Question Word + Would / Should + Subject + Have + been + Object?
|
|
+
|
My brother looked for his
stuff. He would have been here yesterday night
|
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-
|
The flowers should not
have been wilted last night.
|
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?
|
Would this novel have been here?
|
|
?
|
How many hours should Mr. Jim have been at the
office by the end of this week?
|
|
+
|
Subject + Would / Should +
Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
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-
|
Subject + Would / Should +
NOT + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object
|
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?
|
Would / Should + Subject +
Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?
|
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?
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Question Word + Would / Should + Subject + Have + been + (Verb + ING) + Object?
|
|
+
|
My mother would have been
resigning in this institute for two months by the time, I finished the
college three months ago.
The road was dark. By the
time we should have been arriving to home last night.
Sarah should have been
looking happy for the gift last night.
|
|
-
|
He would not have been
staying for live in here for two years ago.
When it rain. I should not
have been going to the cinema at time ago.
You shouldn’t have been
sleeping here last night?
|
|
?
|
Would they have been surrendering their country for
the world peace in the last year ago?
Jawaban: No, they
wouldn’t have been surrendering. They would have been defending their country
for the world peace in the last year ago.
|
|
?
|
When should john have been climbing a big mountain?
Jawaban: John should
have been climbing a big mountain with his friends last year.
|
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/tenses Diakses Pada Tanggal 28 Oktober 2019 Pukul 21.00 WIB


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